The citation examples provided in this tutorial are listed here as they would be on a references page
in a paper using APA style. For titles starting with articles ("a" and "the"; equivalents in other languages),
the article is not considered when alphabetizing. Numerals and numbers are alphabetized as though they are spelled out.
In APA style, every reference cited in your text must be reflected in an entry on your references page. The sole
exceptions to this rule are personal communications with the author such as e-mails, conversations, and letters—need only
be cited in text. Likewise, every item on the references page must correspond to an in-text citation
somewhere in your work. Do not include works that you do not cite in the body of your paper.
APA style dictates that the references page should be double-spaced, and that entries should be formatted with a hanging indent—that is,
the first line of each entry should be at the left margin and subsequent lines in the same entry should be indented.
Bass, R. (1997). Technology & learning: A brief guide to interactive
multimedia and the study of the United States. Retrieved May 2, 2002,
from Georgetown University, American Crossroads Project Website:
http://www.georgetown.edu/crossroads/mltmedia.html
Denmark, F. L. (1999). Enhancing the development of adolescent girls. In N. G. Johnson & M. C. Roberts (Eds.),
Beyond appearance: A new look at adolescent girls (pp.377-404).
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.
Don't even think about turning here. (2002, October 3). The New York
Times, p. A26. Retrieved October 15, 2002, from LexisNexis Academic database.
Dorman, S.M. (1997). Video and computer games: effect on children and implications for health
education. Journal of School Health, 67, 133-138.
Retrieved October 31, 2000 from Expanded Academic ASAP database.
Fechner, P.Y. (2002). Gender differences in puberty. Journal
of Adolescent Health, 4, 44-48.
Franklin, M.L. (1991). A motivational approach to exercise. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, USA, 73, 21-28.
Freud, S. (1950). Beyond the pleasure principle (J.
Strachey, Trans.). New York: Liveright. (Original work published 1920).
Gene therapy to be tried. (2002, October 11). The News & Observer, p. 9A.
Hardy, J. (Producer) & Brest, M. (Writer/Director). (2003).
Gigli [Motion picture]. United States: Columbia Pictures.
Kurlansky, M. (2002). Salt: A world history. New York: Walker and Co.
Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262, 673-674.
Schildt, H. (2005). Java: a beginner's guide. New York: McGraw-Hill/Osborne.
Retrieved July 23, 2007, from ebrary: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/uncch/Doc?id=10083721
Scholnick, E. K. (Ed). (1999). Conceptual development: Piaget's
legacy. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status.
The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries. (2007, March 23). Introduction to Library Research.
Retrieved July 25, 2007, from http://www.lib.unc.edu/instruct/tutorial/
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries. (2007, July 12). APA Citation Style.
Citing Information (section 3). Retrieved July 25, 2007, from
http://www.lib.unc.edu/instruct/citations/apa/index.html
